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Order of removal in Josephus problem in O(N logN)

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Given N children standing in a circle waiting to be executed, and a number K, which indicates that K-1 children are skipped in the clockwise direction, and the Kth child is killed in the circle, and then execution of (K+1)th child begins, the task is to print the child who will get killed in the ith move if the execution starts from the first child.

Note: The last child is considered dead at the end by default.

Examples:

Input: N = 5, K = 2
Output: 3 1 5 2 4
Explanation: 
Initially, the arrangement is {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} and the operations performed are:

  1. Counting from 1, the Kth child is 3.  So the 3rd child gets killed. After that, the children left to be executed are {1, 2, 4, 5}, and then execution of child 4 begins.
  2. Counting from 4, the Kth child is 1.  So the first child gets killed. After that, the children left to be executed are {2, 4, 5}, and then execution of child 2 begins.
  3. Counting from 2, the Kth child is 5. So the fifth child gets killed. After that, the children left to be executed are {2, 4}, and then execution of child 2 begins.
  4. Counting from 2, the Kth child is 2.  So the second child gets killed. After that, the child left to be executed is 2, and then execution of child 4 begins.
  5. Finally, child 4 is the only remaining child. So the child will be killed.

Input: N = 7, K = 2
Output: 3 6 2 7 5 1 4

Naive Approach: The simplest idea is to use a vector to store the position of the remaining children. Then iterate while the size of the vector is greater than 1, and in each iteration erase the desired position from the vector.

Time Complexity: O(N2)
Auxiliary Space: O(N)

Efficient Approach: The above approach can be optimized using an ordered set. Follow the steps below to solve the problem:

  • Initialize an ordered set, say V, and insert the elements in the range [1, N] into V.
  • Initialize a variable, say pos as 0, to store the index of the removed element.
  • Iterate until the size of the set, V is greater than 1, and perform the following steps:
    • Store the size of the set in a variable, say X.
    • Update the value of pos to (pos + K) % X.
    • Print the element pointed by pos in V and then erase it.
    • Update pos to pos%V.size().
  • Finally, after completing the above steps, print the last element stored at the beginning of set V.

Below is the implementation of the above approach:

C++




// C++ program for the above approach
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
 
// Header files, namespaces to use
// ordered set
#include <ext/pb_ds/assoc_container.hpp>
#include <ext/pb_ds/tree_policy.hpp>
using namespace __gnu_pbds;
 
#define ordered_set                              \
    tree<int, null_type, less<int>, rb_tree_tag, \
         tree_order_statistics_node_update>
 
// Function to find the child who
// will get killed in the ith step
void orderOfExecution(int N, int K)
{
 
    // Create an ordered set
    ordered_set V;
 
    // Push elements in the range
    // [1, N] in the set
    for (int i = 1; i <= N; ++i)
        V.insert(i);
 
    // Stores the position to be removed
    int pos = 0;
 
    // Iterate until the size of the set
    // is greater than 1
    while (V.size() > 1) {
 
        // Update the position
        pos = (pos + K) % (int)V.size();
 
        // Print the removed element
        cout << *(V.find_by_order(pos)) << ' ';
 
        // Erase it from the ordered set
        V.erase(*(V.find_by_order(pos)));
 
        // Update position
        pos %= (int)V.size();
    }
 
    // Print the first element of the set
    cout << *(V.find_by_order(0));
}
 
// Driver Code
int main()
{
    // Given input
    int N = 5, K = 2;
 
    // Function Call
    orderOfExecution(N, K);
 
    return 0;
}


Java




import java.io.*;
import java.lang.*;
import java.util.*;
import java.util.TreeSet;
 
class Main {
    // Function to find the child who
    // will get killed in the ith step
    static void orderOfExecution(int N, int K)
    {
        // Create an ordered set
        TreeSet<Integer> V = new TreeSet<>();
 
        // Push elements in the range
        // [1, N] in the set
        for (int i = 1; i <= N; ++i)
            V.add(i);
 
        // Stores the position to be removed
        int pos = 0;
 
        // Iterate until the size of the set
        // is greater than 1
        while (V.size() > 1) {
            // Update the position
            pos = (pos + K) % V.size();
 
            // Print the removed element
            System.out.print(V.toArray()[pos] + " ");
 
            // Erase it from the ordered set
            V.remove(V.toArray()[pos]);
 
            // Update position
            pos %= V.size();
        }
 
        // Print the first element of the set
        System.out.print(V.toArray()[0]);
    }
 
    // Driver Code
    public static void main(String[] args)
    {
        // Given input
        int N = 5, K = 2;
 
        // Function Call
        orderOfExecution(N, K);
    }
}


Python3




def orderOfExecution(N, K):
    # Create a set of integers from 1 to N
    s = set(range(1, N+1))
 
    # Stores the position to be removed
    pos = 0
 
    # Iterate until the size of the set
    # is greater than 1
    while len(s) > 1:
        # Update the position
        pos = (pos + K) % len(s)
 
        # Get the element at pos
        element = list(s)[pos]
 
        # Print the removed element
        print(element, end=" ")
 
        # Erase it from the set
        s.remove(element)
 
        # Update position
        pos %= len(s)
 
    # Print the first element of the set
    print(s.pop())
 
# Driver Code
if __name__ == '__main__':
    # Given input
    N = 5
    K = 2
 
    # Function Call
    orderOfExecution(N, K)


C#




using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Text;
using System.Threading.Tasks;
using System.Collections;
 
namespace ConsoleApp
{
  class Program
  {
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
      // Given input
      int N = 5, K = 2;
 
      // Function Call
      OrderOfExecution(N, K);
    }
 
    // Function to find the child who
    // will get killed in the ith step
    static void OrderOfExecution(int N, int K)
    {
      // Create an ordered set
      SortedSet<int> V = new SortedSet<int>();
 
      // Push elements in the range
      // [1, N] in the set
      for (int i = 1; i <= N; ++i)
        V.Add(i);
 
      // Stores the position to be removed
      int pos = 0;
 
      // Iterate until the size of the set
      // is greater than 1
      while (V.Count > 1)
      {
        // Update the position
        pos = (pos + K) % V.Count;
 
        // Print the removed element
        Console.Write(V.ElementAt(pos) + " ");
 
        // Erase it from the ordered set
        V.Remove(V.ElementAt(pos));
 
        // Update position
        pos %= V.Count;
      }
 
      // Print the first element of the set
      Console.Write(V.ElementAt(0));
    }
  }
}
 
// This code is contributed by divyansh2212


Javascript




function orderOfExecution(N, K) {
  // Create an array of numbers from 1 to N
  const numbers = Array.from({ length: N }, (_, i) => i + 1);
 
  // Stores the position to be removed
  let pos = 0;
 
  // Iterate until the size of the array
  // is greater than 1
  while (numbers.length > 1) {
    // Update the position
    pos = (pos + K - 1) % numbers.length;
 
    // Print the removed element
    process.stdout.write(numbers.splice(pos, 1)[0] + ' ');
 
    // Update position
    pos %= numbers.length;
  }
 
  // Print the first element of the array
  console.log(numbers[0]);
}
 
// Given input
const N = 5;
const K = 3;
 
// Function Call
orderOfExecution(N, K);
 
// This code is contributed by divyansh2212


Output

3 1 5 2 4

Time Complexity: O(N * log(N))
Auxiliary Space: O(N)



Last Updated : 15 Jun, 2023
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