Implementation of Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO) Algorithm

Last Updated : 03 Apr, 2024

Previous article Grey wolf optimization- Introduction talked about inspiration of grey wolf optimization, and its mathematical modelling and algorithm. In this article we will implement grey wolf optimization (GWO) for two fitness functions – Rastrigin function and Sphere function. The aim of Grey wolf optimization algorithm is to find minimize of fitness function.

Fitness Functions:

1) Rastrigin function: Rastrigin function is a non-convex function used as a performance test problem for optimization algorithms.

Function equation:

$f(x_1 \cdots x_n) = 10n + \sum_{i=1}^n (x_i^2 -10cos(2\pi x_i))$

$\text{minimum at }f(0, \cdots, 0) = 0$

Figure 1 Rastrigin function of 2 variables

Rastrigin Function is one of the most challenging functions for an optimization problem. Having a lot of cosine oscillations on the plane introduces a myriad of local minimums in which particles can get stuck.

2) Sphere function: Sphere function is used as a performance test problem for optimization algorithms.

Function equation:

$f(x_1 \cdots x_n) = \sum_{i=1}^n x_i^2$

$\text{minimum at }f(0, \cdots, 0) = 0$

Figure2: Sphere function of two variables

Choice of hyper-parameters

Parameters of problem:
- Number of dimensions (d) = 3
- Lower bound (minx) = -10.0
- Upper bound (maxx) = 10.0
Hyperparameters of the algorithm:
- Number of grey wolves (N) = 50
- Maximum number of iterations (max_iter) = 100
Inputs:
- Fitness function
- Problem parameters ( mentioned above)
- Population size (N) and Maximum number of iterations (max_iter)
- Algorithm Specific hyperparameters ( None in grey wolf algorithm)

Pseudocode:

Step1: Randomly initialize Grey wolf population of N particles Xi ( i=1, 2, …, n)
Step2: Calculate the fitness value of each individuals
           sort grey wolf population based on fitness values
           alpha_wolf = wolf with least fitness value
           beta_wolf  = wolf with second least fitness value
           gamma_wolf = wolf with third least fitness value
Step 3: For Iter in range(max_iter):  # loop max_iter times  
            calculate the value of a
                a = 2*(1 - Iter/max_iter)
            For i in range(N):  # for each wolf
               a. Compute the value of A1, A2, A3 and C1, C2, C3
                     A1 = a*(2*r1 -1), A2 = a*(2*r2 -1), A3 = a*(2*r3 -1)
                     C1 = 2*r1, C2 = 2*r2, C3 = 2*r3
                   
               b. Computer X1, X2, X3 
                       X1 = alpha_wolf.position - 
                             A1*abs(C1*alpha_wolf_position - ith_wolf.position)
                       X2 = beta_wolf.position - 
                             A2*abs(C2*beta_wolf_position - ith_wolf.position)
                       X3 = gamma_wolf.position - 
                             A3*abs(C3*gamma_wolf_position - ith_wolf.position)
                   
               c. Compute new solution and it's fitness
                       Xnew = (X1 + X2 + X3) / 3 
                       fnew = fitness( Xnew) 
                       
               d. Update the ith_wolf greedily
                     if( fnew < ith_wolf.fitness)
                         ith_wolf.position = Xnew
                         ith_wolf.fitness = fnew    
             End-for
             
             # compute new alpha, beta and gamma
                   sort grey wolf population based on fitness values
                   alpha_wolf = wolf with least fitness value
                   beta_wolf  = wolf with second least fitness value
                   gamma_wolf = wolf with third least fitness value      
         End -for
Step 4: Return best wolf in the population

Implementation:

Python3

# python implementation of Grey wolf optimization (GWO) 
# minimizing rastrigin and sphere function 
  
  
import random 
import math    # cos() for Rastrigin 
import copy    # array-copying convenience 
import sys     # max float 
  
  
#-------fitness functions--------- 
  
# rastrigin function 
def fitness_rastrigin(position): 
  fitness_value = 0.0
  for i in range(len(position)): 
    xi = position[i] 
    fitness_value += (xi * xi) - (10 * math.cos(2 * math.pi * xi)) + 10
  return fitness_value 
  
#sphere function 
def fitness_sphere(position): 
    fitness_value = 0.0
    for i in range(len(position)): 
        xi = position[i] 
        fitness_value += (xi*xi); 
    return fitness_value; 
#------------------------- 
  
  
# wolf class  
class wolf: 
  def __init__(self, fitness, dim, minx, maxx, seed): 
    self.rnd = random.Random(seed) 
    self.position = [0.0 for i in range(dim)] 
  
    for i in range(dim): 
      self.position[i] = ((maxx - minx) * self.rnd.random() + minx) 
  
    self.fitness = fitness(self.position) # curr fitness 
  
  
  
# grey wolf optimization (GWO) 
def gwo(fitness, max_iter, n, dim, minx, maxx): 
    rnd = random.Random(0) 
  
    # create n random wolves  
    population = [ wolf(fitness, dim, minx, maxx, i) for i in range(n)] 
  
    # On the basis of fitness values of wolves  
    # sort the population in asc order 
    population = sorted(population, key = lambda temp: temp.fitness) 
  
    # best 3 solutions will be called as  
    # alpha, beta and gaama 
    alpha_wolf, beta_wolf, gamma_wolf = copy.copy(population[: 3]) 
  
  
    # main loop of gwo 
    Iter = 0
    while Iter < max_iter: 
  
        # after every 10 iterations  
        # print iteration number and best fitness value so far 
        if Iter % 10 == 0 and Iter > 1: 
            print("Iter = " + str(Iter) + " best fitness = %.3f" % alpha_wolf.fitness) 
  
        # linearly decreased from 2 to 0 
        a = 2*(1 - Iter/max_iter) 
  
        # updating each population member with the help of best three members  
        for i in range(n): 
            A1, A2, A3 = a * (2 * rnd.random() - 1), a * ( 
              2 * rnd.random() - 1), a * (2 * rnd.random() - 1) 
            C1, C2, C3 = 2 * rnd.random(), 2*rnd.random(), 2*rnd.random() 
  
            X1 = [0.0 for i in range(dim)] 
            X2 = [0.0 for i in range(dim)] 
            X3 = [0.0 for i in range(dim)] 
            Xnew = [0.0 for i in range(dim)] 
            for j in range(dim): 
                X1[j] = alpha_wolf.position[j] - A1 * abs( 
                  C1 * alpha_wolf.position[j] - population[i].position[j]) 
                X2[j] = beta_wolf.position[j] - A2 * abs( 
                  C2 *  beta_wolf.position[j] - population[i].position[j]) 
                X3[j] = gamma_wolf.position[j] - A3 * abs( 
                  C3 * gamma_wolf.position[j] - population[i].position[j]) 
                Xnew[j]+= X1[j] + X2[j] + X3[j] 
              
            for j in range(dim): 
                Xnew[j]/=3.0
              
            # fitness calculation of new solution 
            fnew = fitness(Xnew) 
  
            # greedy selection 
            if fnew < population[i].fitness: 
                population[i].position = Xnew 
                population[i].fitness = fnew 
                  
        # On the basis of fitness values of wolves  
        # sort the population in asc order 
        population = sorted(population, key = lambda temp: temp.fitness) 
  
        # best 3 solutions will be called as  
        # alpha, beta and gaama 
        alpha_wolf, beta_wolf, gamma_wolf = copy.copy(population[: 3]) 
          
        Iter+= 1
    # end-while 
  
    # returning the best solution 
    return alpha_wolf.position 
            
#---------------------------- 
  
  
# Driver code for rastrigin function 
  
print("\nBegin grey wolf optimization on rastrigin function\n") 
dim = 3
fitness = fitness_rastrigin 
  
  
print("Goal is to minimize Rastrigin's function in " + str(dim) + " variables") 
print("Function has known min = 0.0 at (", end="") 
for i in range(dim-1): 
  print("0, ", end="") 
print("0)") 
  
num_particles = 50
max_iter = 100
  
print("Setting num_particles = " + str(num_particles)) 
print("Setting max_iter    = " + str(max_iter)) 
print("\nStarting GWO algorithm\n") 
  
  
  
best_position = gwo(fitness, max_iter, num_particles, dim, -10.0, 10.0) 
  
print("\nGWO completed\n") 
print("\nBest solution found:") 
print(["%.6f"%best_position[k] for k in range(dim)]) 
err = fitness(best_position) 
print("fitness of best solution = %.6f" % err) 
  
print("\nEnd GWO for rastrigin\n") 
  
  
print() 
print() 
  
  
# Driver code for Sphere function  
print("\nBegin grey wolf optimization on sphere function\n") 
dim = 3
fitness = fitness_sphere 
  
  
print("Goal is to minimize sphere function in " + str(dim) + " variables") 
print("Function has known min = 0.0 at (", end="") 
for i in range(dim-1): 
  print("0, ", end="") 
print("0)") 
  
num_particles = 50
max_iter = 100
  
print("Setting num_particles = " + str(num_particles)) 
print("Setting max_iter    = " + str(max_iter)) 
print("\nStarting GWO algorithm\n") 
  
  
  
best_position = gwo(fitness, max_iter, num_particles, dim, -10.0, 10.0) 
  
print("\nGWO completed\n") 
print("\nBest solution found:") 
print(["%.6f"%best_position[k] for k in range(dim)]) 
err = fitness(best_position) 
print("fitness of best solution = %.6f" % err) 
  
print("\nEnd GWO for sphere\n") 

Output:

Begin grey wolf optimization on rastrigin function

Goal is to minimize Rastrigin's function in 3 variables
Function has known min = 0.0 at (0, 0, 0)
Setting num_particles = 50
Setting max_iter    = 100

Starting GWO algorithm

Iter = 10 best fitness = 2.996
Iter = 20 best fitness = 2.749
Iter = 30 best fitness = 0.470
Iter = 40 best fitness = 0.185
Iter = 50 best fitness = 0.005
Iter = 60 best fitness = 0.001
Iter = 70 best fitness = 0.001
Iter = 80 best fitness = 0.001
Iter = 90 best fitness = 0.000

GWO completed


Best solution found:
['0.000706', '-0.000746', '-0.000526']
fitness of best solution = 0.000264

End GWO for rastrigin




Begin grey wolf optimization on sphere function

Goal is to minimize sphere function in 3 variables
Function has known min = 0.0 at (0, 0, 0)
Setting num_particles = 50
Setting max_iter    = 100

Starting GWO algorithm

Iter = 10 best fitness = 0.001
Iter = 20 best fitness = 0.001
Iter = 30 best fitness = 0.000
Iter = 40 best fitness = 0.000
Iter = 50 best fitness = 0.000
Iter = 60 best fitness = 0.000
Iter = 70 best fitness = 0.000
Iter = 80 best fitness = 0.000
Iter = 90 best fitness = 0.000

GWO completed


Best solution found:
['-0.000064', '0.000879', '-0.000934']
fitness of best solution = 0.000002

End GWO for sphere